Dr Chandril Chugh

Bell’s Palsy: Its Uncertainty & Ways To Treat It?

What is Bells Palsy?

Bell’s palsy, also known as ‘acute peripheral facial palsy of unknown cause’, is a medical condition that causes a temporary paralysis or weakness of the facial muscles. Facial paralysis can be a daunting problem as it damages the aesthetics of the face. A person suffering from Bell’s Palsy usually has one side of the face that droops or becomes stiff. This is because of swelling, compression or inflammation in the nerves that control your facial muscles. This disorder can occur anytime at any age. However, by following Bells palsy: Treatment guidelines 2021, this condition can be cured. 

Symptoms 

The symptoms of bell’s palsy may appear suddenly and abruptly. They may also appear after you’ve had an infection in the eye or the ear, or if you have a severe cold. 

Some of the symptoms are given below - 

• Drooling 
• Stiffening of the face
• Difficulty in eating, drinking
• Difficulty in moving face, or facial expressions 
• Dry eyes and mouth 
• Sensitivity to sound on the affected side of the face 
• Irritation of eye on the affected side 
• Headache 

Most often bell’s palsy is mistaken for a stroke. However, it’s not a stroke if the paralysis is limited to the face. In rare cases, the face can be affected on both sides.

How to prevent Bells Palsy?

Currently, there’s no way to prevent or avoid bell’s palsy. However, if you have any of the symptoms above, consult a neurologist in Jaipur or top best neurologist in Jaipur. You can also find him as a famous neurologist in Patna or brain doctor in Patna, best neurologist in Gwalior or famous neurologist in Gwalior, neurologist in South Delhi, best neurologist in Faridabad. You can also go for neurologist online consultation or talk to a neurologist online.

Causes of Bells Palsy 

The main cause of this disorder is not known. However, according to several doctors, it’s generally because of damaged facial nerves. There are other studies that point out the various causes of Bells Palsy. Some of them are- 

• Epstein-Barr virus, or EBV (Infectious mononucleosis) 
• Mumps virus
• Flu or influenza B
• Coxsackievirus (Hand-foot-and-mouth disease)
• Cold sores and genital herpes (herpes simplex)
• Chickenpox and shingles (herpes zoster)
• Cytomegalovirus infections
• Adenovirus (Respiratory illnesses)
• German measles (rubella)

What is the fastest way to cure Bells Palsy? 

Usually, for a person to recover from bells palsy, it takes roughly around 6 months. However, for a speedy recovery, it’s best if one gets the bells palsy physiotherapy treatment. A physiotherapist will evaluate your situation based upon your medical history and your present condition, symptoms. They will identify the patterns of weakness on your face by conducting a physical examination. According to what suits you, they will suggest some exercises that will help in quick recovery. 

Given below are a few Bells Palsy treatment exercises that one can practise at home. 

Facial stimulation 

To begin with facial stimulation, you need to first sit in front of the mirror and scrunch up your face. Begin with trying to move the affected part of your face. You may notice that one side of the face can make the movements faster and higher as compared to the drooping side. 

• Gently and slowly try to copy the movements similar to the unaffected part.
• You may use your hands to aid you in the process.
• Do this once or twice every day. 

Exercises for the eye 

It’s important that people with Bells Palsy take good care of their eyes. Bells palsy makes it difficult to close the eye, thus making the eye and the parts of the eye vulnerable to damage. Your eye can go completely dry and debris can cause harm to it. Using a patch to protect the eye from any external damage. Apart from this, you may try some exercises that will help you regain control over your eye movements. 

• Practise shutting your eyelid with your fingers.
• Practise shutting your eyes and opening them wide open. 
• Alternate raising your eyebrows and lowering them. Gently massage your eyebrows and try shutting them. 

Nose and cheek exercise 

The cheeks and the nose are yet another crucial part of the face. Stiffness or weakness in this region can affect the entire face as you recover. One needs to practise the exercises of the cheeks and nose on a daily basis.

• To improve the movement of the nose and the cheek muscle, try scrunching up your face. 
• Puff up your cheeks and blow the air out. This may seem difficult at the start however, one needs to practise this on a daily basis. Repeat this at least 10 times a day. 
• Try inhaling through the affected part of the nose to flare up the nostrils. You may do this by covering the unaffected nostril, and forcing the affected part to inhale harder. If you have difficulty breathing through the affected nostril, you may try various combinations of deep and slow breathing to inhale better. 
• Practise wrinkling your nose and use your fingers to lift up the cheek.   

Mouth exercise 

While working on your mouth, try engaging your lips and tongue. Many a time, people find it difficult to eat or drink as the muscle movement is limited. Some also have no control over the saliva, and often find it dribbling from the mouth. Here are a few exercises for the mouth that one can practise on a daily basis (at least 10 to 20 times a day) - 

• Practise smiling and frowning. 
• Try puckering your lips and relaxing them. 
• With the help of your fingers try lifting the affected side of your mouth. 

by Dr Chandril Chugh

12 Tips On Exercises & Food To Strengthen Nerves

The nervous system is responsible for numerous vital functions in our body by transmitting signals to various parts, enabling coordination, movement, and cognitive processes. Think of it as a vast network of nerves connecting different parts of your body, much like a roadway system, to carry out daily tasks. This network is crucial for overall health and well-being, making it essential to maintain a strong and healthy nervous system. For more insights, check out these Interesting Facts About The Nervous System.

A healthy nervous system is key to quick reflexes, sharp thinking, and effective body function. Studies show that even simple practices like deep breathing can be effective in dealing with a weak nervous system. This article explores some of the best food to strengthen nerves and exercises that can help keep your nervous system in top shape.

Top Food To Strengthen Nerves

When it comes to supporting nerve health, the right nutrition plays a crucial role. Below are some of the best foods that can help repair and strengthen your nerves:

1. Eggs

Eggs are rich in choline, a nutrient that is converted into acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter crucial for communication between brain cells and improving memory. Regular consumption of eggs can enhance cognitive performance and support nerve health.

2. Avocados

Avocados are packed with vitamin K and folate, which stabilize concentration levels and prevent blood clots in the brain. High in protein and low in sugar, avocados are an excellent choice for supporting nerve health.

3. Green Leafy Vegetables

Green leafy vegetables are powerhouses of vitamins and minerals essential for nerve function. They are rich in Vitamin B complex, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and Magnesium. These nutrients are vital for neurotransmitter synthesis, nerve relaxation, and protection against aging.

4. Fish

Fish, especially those rich in Omega-3 fatty acids like salmon and tuna, are crucial for nerve repair. Omega-3 fatty acids help maintain the myelin sheath, the protective covering around nerves, and support overall nerve health.

5. Broccoli

Broccoli is another excellent food for the nervous system, rich in Vitamin K and glucosinolates. These nutrients support brain function and slow down the breakdown of neurotransmitters, potentially reducing the risk of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s.

6. Pumpkin Seeds

Pumpkin seeds are small but mighty when it comes to nerve health. They are rich in Magnesium, Copper, Iron, and Zinc—all essential for proper nerve function and protection against oxidative damage.

7. Nuts

Nuts are excellent sources of healthy fats and antioxidants, especially Vitamin E, which protects nerve cells from damage. Regular consumption of nuts can support nerve signaling and overall brain health.

8. Foods Rich in Vitamin B

Vitamins B6, B12, and other B-complex vitamins are crucial for nerve repair and function. Incorporate foods like sardines, salmon, lentils, and almonds into your diet to ensure you're getting enough B vitamins.

For more on foods that support nerve repair, check out Foods That Can Heal Damaged Nerves.

How to Strengthen a Weak Nervous System

In addition to eating the right foods, regular exercise is essential for maintaining a healthy nervous system. Here are some exercises and tips to help improve your nervous system:

1. Daily Walk

Walking for at least 30 minutes a day is a simple yet effective way to boost your nervous system. Walking enhances blood circulation and oxygen flow to the brain, keeping your mind refreshed and energized.

2. Aerobic Exercises

Aerobic exercises like swimming, bicycling, and brisk walking promote deep breathing, improve blood circulation, and increase endorphin levels in the body. These exercises are great for enhancing overall nerve function.

3. Stretching Exercises

Stretching exercises rejuvenate both the brain and body. They improve flexibility, reduce the risk of injury, and help in maintaining healthy nerves by promoting better muscle coordination.

4. Yoga

Yoga combines physical postures, breathing techniques, and meditation to relax the mind and body. Certain asanas in yoga specifically target the nervous system, helping to regulate heart rate and decrease cortisol levels, which can improve nerve function.

Regular exercise can preserve nerve function and promote nerve regeneration. However, if you have conditions like peripheral neuropathy, take precautions while exercising to avoid complications.

Precautions While Strengthening Nerves

When working to strengthen your nervous system, keep these precautions in mind:

• Start Gradually: Don’t jump into high-intensity exercises right away. Gradually increase the frequency and intensity to avoid complications.
• Avoid Exercise with Injuries: If you have a foot injury or back inflammation, avoid exercises that could exacerbate these conditions.
• Consult a Doctor: If you experience severe pain or difficulties during workouts, consult with a neurologist. Consider booking an Online Neurologist Consultation for expert advice.

Conclusion

Maintaining a healthy nervous system is essential for overall well-being. By incorporating the right food to strengthen nerves and following a regular exercise routine, you can support nerve health and improve your body's overall function. Remember, it's important to start slow, be consistent, and consult with a healthcare professional when necessary.

By making these small changes, you can ensure that your nervous system remains strong, responsive, and capable of handling the demands of daily life.

by Dr Chandril Chugh

6 Most Common Neurological Disorders

The nervous system is divided into two primary regions- the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous systems. The central nervous system or CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system or PNS consists of everything else. Neurological disorders are disorders of the brain, the spinal cord and all the nerves present in the body. 

Here is the most common neurological disorders list :

• Alzheimer’s disease 

One of the most common disorders in the elderly, Alzheimer’s, is a progressive disorder. Alzheimer’s and phantom pain is a prevalent condition among people over the age of 65. Depending on the intensity of the disease, a person may experience mild, moderate or severe symptoms. Alzheimer’s disease may start with minor invisible symptoms such as forgetting names, events, phone numbers, etc. It is a progressive disease, and over some time, one may experience extreme symptoms such as difficulty in swallowing or breathing, etc. This is because neurons that used to carry out functions in the body previously start to degenerate rapidly. With proper care and appropriate medications, this neurological disease can be treated. Talk to a neurologist online if you need guidance for this disorder.  

• Migraine 

Migraine headache is one of the most common neurological conditions. It is a recurrent headache, usually affecting just one side of the brain, and is often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and light sensitivity.  The impact of a migraine headache can last for several days, thus impairing the person’s ability to perform and carry out the daily tasks. Migraine can take place in several stages- prodrome, aura, attack and postdrome.  Hormonal changes, stress, anxiety, changes in the environment such as loud noise, strong smells, bright lights, etc., can trigger a migraine. While there is no cure for migraine, with the help of certain medications, the frequency and severity of migraine headaches can be reduced. If you suffer from this condition, you should consult a neurologist. They will give you the proper treatment for migraines. 

• Stroke 

Strokes are yet another most common neurological disorders. Strokes are life-threatening conditions that can happen to anyone. Strokes occur when the vital flow of blood and oxygen supply is cut off from a part of the brain, causing it to break down and stop functioning. A stroke needs immediate medical attention. Otherwise, it can be fatal or cause a haemorrhage in the brain or permanent disability. One should immediately call for help and get the required medical attention that the patient needs to help the person having a stroke. Special care needs to be taken of the patient as a stroke can have a considerable impact and shock. Can a neck message cause stroke? is an often asked question. Generally, craniotomy is one of the most common neurosurgery procedures used to treat strokes. 

• Epilepsy 

Very often, epilepsy and seizures are the two most common neurological terms that are used interchangeably. Epilepsy is a chronic condition where one has recurrent seizures. The nerve cell activity in the brain is disturbed, thus causing frequent outbursts of electrical energy. It is common among children and older adults. Epileptic people often have recurring seizures, which can cause harm to them. These seizures are, as we know, broadly of two types - focal and generalised. Epilepsy seizures can be different for different people. There are several reasons why a seizure can be triggered. While some people can live on their own and manage their seizures by themselves, others, on the other hand, may need a lot of care and attention. 

• Parkinson’s disease 

Parkinson’s is yet another progressive neurological disorder. Here, the part of the brain responsible for movement is affected. The onset of this disease usually starts when the person is in their 60s. Some of the common symptoms are trembling hands,  slow movements, stiffness in hands, legs, etc. The problems with balancing, low volume speech, reduced swinging of the arms while walking, etc., genetic factors or environmental factors can cause Parkinson’s disease. Your doctor may prescribe a few medications and a few exercises and lifestyle modifications to reverse this disease’s effects. For treatment, consult the top neurophysician in Patna. He is also the top neurologist doctor in Jaipur, a brain specialist doctor in Faridabad, mind doctor in Delhi, best neurologist in South Delhi, Best neurologist in Saket, a top neurologist in Gwalior or neurologist doctor in Gwalior. 

• Multiple sclerosis 

Multiple sclerosis is a long term disorder affecting the central nervous system that affects the brain, the spinal cord and the optic nerves. In this disease, the immune systems attack the protective layer (myelin) covering the nerves. Multiple sclerosis causes inflammation and lesions, making it difficult for the brain to send signals to the body. Loss of vision, pain, fatigue and impaired coordination are some of the symptoms of Multiple sclerosis. The exact cause of this disorder is unknown; however, according to several types of research, toxins and virus can be one of the causes of this disease. Treatment usually focuses on physiotherapy and slowing the progression of the disease.

Apart from these, Bell’s palsy, Third nerve palsy, Fourth nerve palsy, Sixth nerve palsy are some of the most common neurological disorders of cranial nerves. Neurological disorders are challenging to deal with. However, with proper treatment and friends and family, one can cope with neurological disorders.

by Dr Chandril Chugh

The Fascinating Possibilities of Brain Transplantation: Is It Really 100% Achievable?

Advancements and constant endeavors in medical science have made organ transplantation a familiar and life-saving procedure. Transplants of solid organs such as kidneys, hearts, and livers, as well as bone marrow, have become common. In India, these transplants typically cost around 15-20 lakhs. However, while organ transplantation has gained success, is brain transplantation possible? Transplanting an entire human brain remains a far-fetched idea. The cells in our bodies undergo senescence, defined as the gradual decline of functions. Neurons in our brains are not spared from this aging process.

Understanding Brain Plasticity and Aging

The brain is plastic, meaning it can learn and unlearn by creating new synapses and breaking down existing ones. However, the brain’s size doesn't necessarily increase; it is always learning and changing. With age, the rate at which new synapses are formed slows down. Additionally, the quality of the repair function of these synapses declines. Therefore, the aging of the brain inevitably leads to lower learning ability and memory.

The Challenges of Brain Transplantation

Complex Surgical Procedures

To achieve successful brain transplantation, surgeons would need to join multiple tissues of the head in the receiver's body, including muscles, ligaments, skin, bones, blood vessels, and, most crucially, the nerves of the spinal cord. Transplanting a brain would involve severing the spinal cord, creating a significant challenge. Connecting nerve fibers from the transplanted brain to the native spinal cord is a daunting task. This challenge is one reason why severe spinal cord injuries are greatly damaging and usually permanent.

Immune Response Issues

Another critical factor is the body's immune response. The immune system protects the body against pathogens like bacteria, germs, and viruses. All cells in organisms have their own cell membrane, with antigens specified individually. If these antigens come in contact with the immune cells of another body (the receiver), white blood cells or leukocytes will recognize them as foreign objects and kill these cells. This full-blown immune response might lead to death due to organ rejection.

Technical and Ethical Concerns

Several other valid concerns make brain transplants extremely challenging. For instance, there are technical difficulties in reconnecting blood vessels within the central nervous system and between the central and peripheral nervous systems. Neurons are extremely delicate and sensitive to environmental changes, and they could die due to insufficient oxygen supply during surgery. The death of neurons would render the brain transplant unsuccessful, as these dead neurons would also lose their synapses.

The Future of Brain Transplantation

Some experts believe full head transplants, which include the brain, could be possible. One such surgeon, Dr. Bruce Mathew, has suggested moving the entire spinal column along with the brain, eliminating the need to attach the brain to the new spine.

As of today, no brain transplant has been conducted; thus, the cost of a brain transplant in India is not known. However, it would undoubtedly be expensive, given the numerous processes and skills required. Whether brain transplantation is possible is something we will discover over time. Ethical concerns also stand in the way of brain transplants becoming a reality. Some believe it could save lives, offering an alternative for those with healthy brains but terminal illnesses elsewhere in the body. Others argue it goes against human nature.

Mental Health and Ethical Implications

There is also a pressing concern over the effect brain transplants would have on the mental health of recipients, the brain diseases it may lead to, and the neurocritical care required. The question of whether the donor’s memories will remain in the receiver’s new brain remains unanswered.

Sooner or later, the procedure might become imminent. However, under the prevailing circumstances, the first attempt would be unethical. For this reason, the discussion over the preparation of proper ethical codes for this specific operation is crucial. It holds the potential to change the face of modern surgical advancements and bring in a new era, turning what started as fiction into reality.

Ethical Considerations

The ethical debate surrounding brain transplantation is complex. Some believe it could save lives by providing a new body to those with a healthy brain but a terminal illness elsewhere. However, the procedure raises significant ethical concerns, including the risk of losing one's identity and the potential for psychological trauma.

Current Research and Future Prospects

While the idea of a brain transplant might seem like science fiction, researchers are exploring related fields, such as neuroprosthetics and brain-computer interfaces, which could eventually contribute to the feasibility of such procedures. However, it will likely be many years before brain transplantation becomes a reality, if ever.

External Resources:

• National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
• American Association of Neurological Surgeons

Conclusion

Brain transplantation, while a fascinating concept, is still far from being realized due to significant technical, biological, and ethical challenges. The advancements in medical science have brought us closer to this possibility, but much work remains to be done. As we continue to explore and push the boundaries of what is possible in medicine, brain transplantation remains a topic of both intrigue and caution.

Also Read

• Alzheimer's Disease Effect On Brain

• 5 Tips To Cope With Tragic Flashbacks

• The Effects Of Depression In Your Body

by Dr Chandril Chugh

9 Best brain food supplements to Boost Your Brainpower

"The energy of the brain is the essence of life." - Aristotle. 

What are the best brain foods?

Undoubtedly, the brain is the most essential and phenomenal organ of the human mind. Without the brain, the human body is like a machine without an engine. The brain controls all the functions of the body. Hence, to keep this enormous organ functioning, it needs its source of energy.   One needs the right nourishment for a healthy brain to work. The food that one eats has a great impact on the development of the brain. A kid goes through 9 stages of brain development. Thus it becomes essential that a growing child gets the right nutrition supplement to ensure their robust growth.

Here is a list of the best brain food supplements that will help your child their growing years - 

• Eggs

Eggs are a good source of proteins and nutrients that are highly beneficial for the brain and great brain food for exam. Vitamins such as B6 and B12 are found in eggs help in improving memory and delay cognitive decline. Besides this, eggs have other minerals such as iron, zinc and micronutrients such as choline and folate. Egg yolks have a high concentration of choline, which helps in elevating mental function and boosts memory. The best time to have eggs is in the morning, preferably in the form of scrambled eggs.

• Berries 

Berries are a good source of flavanols, a type of flavonoid antioxidant. Berries are considered the best brain fruits. The antioxidants in berries have an anti-inflammatory effect that reduces oxidative stress and anxiety, followed by cell damage. The antioxidants in berries help in the increase of blood flow in the brain as well as improved communication between brain cells.  Not only do the antioxidants help in reducing inflammation in the body, but they also help in boosting memory and enhanced learning. Some berries that are rich in antioxidants are- strawberries, blueberries, blackberries, blackcurrants, and mulberries. 

• Nuts and seeds 

Nuts and seeds are packed with health benefits and are great brain food for kids. They contain omega three fatty acids and are a good source of antioxidants. Foods that are rich in antioxidants are essential for neurocritical care. The vitamin E found in nuts and seeds help in enhancing cognition and memory. Nuts and seeds are also known for improving concentration and reducing oxidative stress. Walnuts, hazelnuts, almonds, sunflower seeds, etc., are some of the nuts and seeds that are good brain food for studying. 

• Leafy vegetables 

Since times immemorial, people have known the health benefits of leafy vegetables. Adding leafy vegetables to your diet can help in boosting your brain. Leafy vegetables such as spinach, collards, broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, etc., are rich in brain nutrients such as vitamin k, lutein, beta carotene, and folate. Having leafy vegetables daily can lower the odds of developing dementia later in life and improve cognitive skills. These are the best brain food supplements. 

• Fatty fish 

Fatty fish are a good source of omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin D. Omega-3 help build membranes around the cells, thus improving the structure of neurons. Fatty fish are considered the best brain function food. These fats are essential for learning and memory. They also protect the brain from memory loss. Salmon, mackerel, tuna, sardines are the best examples of fatty fish. Apart from this, fatty fish is also a great food option for those recovering from traumatic brain injury. 

• Fruits 

Fruits have several health benefits packed in them, which are quintessential for the functioning of the brain. Fruits that are rich in potassium and magnesium help in the smooth functioning of the brain. Apples, berries, cherries and plums have antioxidants that protect the brain from nerve damage and reduce inflammation. Fruits such as bananas and kiwis overall improve cognition. 

• Cow’s Milk 

Cow’s milk is overall essential for brain health as they have plenty of vitamin D, potassium, and calcium. Vitamin B helps in calming down the nerve and regulates your sleep cycle. Milk also helps to elevate the sharpness of the mind boosts memory. Milk is considered the best brain food for students. However, some kids may be lactose intolerant; thus, one must consult the paediatrician before feeding milk.  

• Whole grains 

Whole grains are essential in a child’s growing years. They are packed with vitamins and nutrients that are important for the functioning of the brain. Whole grains such as oats, barley, quinoa are a great source of B vitamins which are considered important for memory. They supply energy to the body as well as the brain. Some of the whole-grain foods you can add to your child’s diet are - brown rice, oatmeal, whole grain bread, etc. 

• Dark chocolate 

Dark chocolate is probably the most sought after brain food by children. Dark chocolate is the host for several brain-boosting compounds such as flavonoids, antioxidants and caffeine. The cacao flavonoid found in dark chocolate helps in learning, improving memory and neuron growth. They also stimulate blood flow in the brain. Dark chocolate overall elevates mood and allows children to study. 

The brain is an essential part of the body, and having these foods can harness brainpower. 

Also Read

• Alzheimer's Disease Effect On Brain

• 5 Tips To Cope With Tragic Flashbacks

• The Effects Of Depression In Your Body

by Dr Chandril Chugh

Brain Anatomy: 4 Powerful Insights on How It Works | Dr. Chandril Chugh

The Human Brain Anatomy is a phenomenal structure that is responsible for the functioning of the entire human body. It comprises several nerve tissues and billions of nerve cells and synapses that are protected inside the skull. The Brain Anatomy interprets the external world and encapsulates the knowledge of the mind and the soul. The human brain is one of the largest and most complex organ structure of the human body. The brain makes us self-aware and gives us the ability to speak, think, and function in the world.

The Brain Anatomy consists of components that have many specialised areas that work together in harmony to keep the body functioning and learning. The brain collects information through the five senses of the body that is: touch, taste, vision, smell, and hearing. It can determine many at one time. It’s uncanny how the brain understands and convenes the messages that form meaning for us and stores this information in our memory, all at the same time. The brain can control our thoughts, memory and speech, movement of the arms and legs. It also controls the functions of multiple organs within our body. Any harm to the brain can lead to conditions such as traumatic brain injury, brain haemorrhage, etc. Thus, one needs to take special care of the brain through brain haemorrhage treatment or brain haemorrhage surgery.

Let us know how the Brain Anatomy performs such marvellous tasks. The brain anatomy is just as intricate as the functions it carries out, yet it’s phenomenal.

Overview Of The Brain Anatomy And Function -

The brain is composed of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem. Let us know more about brain anatomy and physiology and how these parts of the brain function together. 

1. Cerebrum

The cerebrum is the largest part of the Brain Anatomy, comprising the right and left hemispheres. It performs complex functions such as interpreting touch, vision and hearing, speech, thought, emotions, learning, and control over body movement.

Each hemisphere of the cerebrum is further divided into four broad regions called lobes, the frontal lobe, the temporal lobe, the occipital lobe, and the parietal lobe. You can see each of these under a brain anatomy MRI.  

• Frontal lobes- The frontal lobes of the cerebrum are the largest of the lobes. They are located in the frontal part of the brain, as their name suggests. They coordinate functions of high-level behaviour such as motor skills, judgment, planning, attention and problem-solving. The frontal lobes are also responsible for impulse control and managing emotions.
• Parietal lobes-The parietal lobes are located right behind the frontal lobes. They're responsible for interpreting language, words, sense of touch, the sensation of pain, temperature, interpret signals from vision, hearing, motor movements, sensory functions, spatial movements, memory and, optical perception.
• Temporal lobes- The temporal lobes are located on each side of the head on a similar level as the ears. They coordinate specific functions, including Understanding language, Memory, Hearing, Sequencing and organization.
• Occipital lobes- The occipital lobes are located on the back of the brain. They are mainly involved in determining the ability to read and recognise and also interpret colour, light, movement from vision.

Any harm to the cerebrum can increase the risks of stroke.

2. Cerebellum

The cerebellum is located under the cerebrum just below the occipital lobes. The cerebellum function involves coordinating muscle movements helping the body maintain its posture, equilibrium, and balance. It enables the body with fine motor skills, which refers to the coordination of smaller actions, specifically those involving the hands and feet. 

3. Brain stem

The brain stem consists of three major parts, and it is located in front of the cerebellum connecting to the spinal cord. It connects the spinal cord to the higher-thinking centres of the brain. It consists of three structures: the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the midbrain. A brain anatomy ct scan can show images of the brain stem and problems with the brain.

Medulla oblongata: The medulla oblongata is the lowest part of the brain, operating as the control centre for the heart and lungs’ functions. It helps regulate many important functions, including breathing, sneezing, and swallowing.

Pons: The Pons is the largest part of the brain stem. It is located below the midbrain. It consists of a group of nerves that help connect various parts of the brain. The pons also holds the start of some cranial nerves. These are required in facial movements and transmitting sensory information.

Midbrain: The midbrain helps in controlling eye movements and processes visual as well as auditory information.

4. Diencephalon

The diencephalon is located just above the brainstem between the cerebral hemispheres. It helps form the walls of the third ventricle and consists of the thalamus, the epithalamus, and the hypothalamus.

• Thalamus: It acts as a relay station as almost all sensory information except for the sensation of smell, advancing to the cortex primarily stops in the thalamus before being sent on to their destination. The Thalamus is also connected to functions of consciousness, sleep, and memory.
• Epithalamus: It primarily consists of the pineal gland and the habenulae. The pineal gland is an endocrine gland that secretes the hormone melatonin. It acts as a link between the limbic system and other parts of the brain. The limbic system is a part of the brain that is involved with functions of emotion, long-term memory, and behaviour.
• Hypothalamus: The hypothalamus helps in maintaining homeostasis. It referred to the balance of all bodily functions that the Hypothalamus manages. It involves regulating the body temperature, control over the body's appetite, maintaining the physiological cycle, sleep cycle, and controlling the production and release of hormones.

The brain is the engine of the human body. One needs to take special care of this organ. Stress and anxiety can influence brain health leading to brain damage. Neurocritical care is something that one must take seriously for the smooth functioning of the brain. The advancements in neuroscience and radiology have made possible the quick diagnosis of injuries in the brain and to view brain anatomy in 3D. 

Also Read

• Alzheimer's Disease Effect On Brain

• 5 Tips To Cope With Tragic Flashbacks

• The Effects Of Depression In Your Body

by Dr Chandril Chugh

Unveiling the Impact: How Alcohol Affects the Brain | Expert Analysis

How Alcohol affects the brain?

The ill-effects of alcohol are known to all, yet people engage in alcohol drinking. Drinking alcohol at moderate levels does not cause much harm. However, binge drinking or heavy drinking can have drastic effects on your body and brain. When consumed in large quantities, alcohol can lead to several chemical changes in your brain and develop your dependency on it.

Alcohol, even though it’s harmful to your health, is known to induce pleasure. This is because, in the beginning, alcohol increases the release of dopamine in the brain, thus making you feel relaxed and euphoric. Hence, several people opt for alcohol to relieve their stress, anxiety and escape from other problems in life. Among teenagers, drinking alcohol often starts from peer pressure or imitating the adults in the house. Alcohol is addictive, which has depressant effects on the brain. Thus many resorts to drinking alcohol to escape from the depression. However, drinking only makes it worse. 

Alcohol affects which part of the brain?

Alcohol affects brain chemistry. It alters and interferes with three major neurotransmitters which are responsible for communication within the body.

• Glutamate receptors: Glutamate is a chemical that excites neurons and stimulates brain activity and energy levels. Consuming alcohol binds and block them from being activated.
• The Nucleus accumbens: It's an essential structure in the middle part of the brain which retains satiety, memories and pleasure. Dopamine is released due to alcohol; this produces the feeling of being safe and an urge of euphoria. Also, a reason why alcohol is addictive.   
• GABA receptors: It is a chemical that slowdowns the brain. As alcohol affects brain chemistry, it binds to activate these receptors, and we become a little tired. 

The ill-effects of alcohol on your brain

It has been observed that alcohol affects brain structure and parts of the  brain in different ways- 

• The hippocampus, which is responsible for storing and forming memory, is affected. When people drink a lot, they don’t remember what they did while they were drunk. This is because alcohol impacts your hippocampus, which leads to poor memory or, in the long run, memory loss. 
• Another observation among drunk people is that they have poor coordination. This is because alcohol affects the cerebellum. The cerebellum is the brain that controls muscle movements’ coordination, thus helping the body maintain its posture, equilibrium, and balance. It also controls the motor skills of the body. Hence, it is forbidden to drink and drive. 
• Your memory, thought cognition and judgement are all done by the frontal lobes. Binge drinking or heavy drinking impairs all of these critical functions.
• The hypothalamus and the pituitary gland are responsible for the release of hormones and coordinate automatic brain functions. However, when you drink alcohol, it depresses the nerve centres in the hypothalamus that are responsible for sexual arousal and performance. Alcohol increases your sexual desire but decreases performance. 
• The medulla of the brain handles functions such as breathing, consciousness, body temperature, etc. Alcohol affects this area of the brain, thus inducing sleep. One can also experience changes in breathing and lower your body temperature. 

Long term effects of Alcohol 

• Shrinking of the brain - It has been observed that for people who have been drinking heavily for a long time, alcohol affects their brains and the way it carries out its tasks. Due to alcohol, the brain’s cells start to diminish, and the brain begins to shrink. 
• Sleep Disorders- While in the beginning, alcohol makes you feel tired and sleepy; as time passes, it hinders your sleep schedule. Once the effects of alcohol wear off from the body, you start tossing and turning in your sleep. Heavy alcohol consumption may also lead to sleeping disorders such as sleep apnea, insomnia, etc. 
• Brain damage- People who drink heavily on a day to day basis are at an increased risk of brain damage. The brain controls all the functions of the body. Alcohol abuse also leads to life-threatening problems such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, etc. 
• Wet Brain Syndrome - Wet brain syndrome, also known as Wernicke Krosakoff Syndrome - a type of dementia, is a debilitating condition caused as a result of chronic and acute phases of Vitamin B1 deficiency. Alcohol hampers the absorption of thiamine (vitamin B) in the brain. 
• Personality changes- Alcohol affects not only you but also your personality. This is more of the long term effects of alcohol, where alcohol consumption leads to behaviour changes. It is a known fact that alcohol affects behaviour. A person may become more aggressive and restless. Drinking alcohol changes the brain wiring and impairs one’s judgement and ability to think. The behaviour change also puts a strain on intimate relations. 

Thus, overall, drinking alcohol is harmful to your brain and body and the people around you. If you think alcohol will provide relief from all the sorrows of life, it is not valid. Alcohol addiction is like quicksand. Once you step into it, there’s hardly any escape. 

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by Dr Chandril Chugh

The Human Brain: A Complex Mystery

The Most Popular Human Brain Related Questions Asked On Quora - Dr Chugh’s Take On Them

A Vital Organ Indeed 

As you might already know, the brain is considered an essential part of the human body, and it can only show its maximum potential if there is a proper balance of your physical and mental health. The brain is basically formed by numerous neurons, which are connected by dendrites and axons. And any kind of work like moving, thinking, imagining, calculating, etc., gets done by electric impulses travelling from one neuron to another. In my opinion, it is the organ that makes you human!

What is the largest part of the brain?

The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain and makes up 85% of the brain’s weight.

What is the weight of the average human brain?

The average brain weight in adult males is 1336 gram, while in adult females, it is 1198 gram. It makes up about 2% of the total body weight.

What is the biggest part of the human brain, and what is its function?

The cerebrum is the biggest part of the human brain, and it performs several functions:

• Impacts emotions- helps in processing emotional situations.
• Creates response-like a reaction to hotness, coldness etc.
• Helps in initiating movement - walking, sitting, exercising
• Helps in rationalising- Thinking, problem-solving, memory

What is the difference between the forebrain and frontal lobe?

As we all know, the forebrain is just the front portion of the brain and is formed by two main elements like telencephalon and diencephalon, and it helps in leading the complex cognitive activities as well as sensory and voluntary functions. Simultaneously, the frontal lobe is located right behind the forehead, and it plays a vital role in the brain’s intellectual properties like thinking, reasoning, and difficult problem-solving.

Is there any role of the brain in reflex action?

No, but the information about the reflex action is sent to the brain after 1 or 2 seconds. This is so that we should be aware of what has happened. The brain on its own cannot react as fast as the spinal cord to the reflex action. So the part of the reaction process is carried out by the spinal cord, but the information is also sent to the brain so that the person can be aware of the stimulus and prevent himself from that situation again.

For example, you remove your hand when touching a hot object. This is a reflex action. But sending the information to the brain makes the person aware that the object is hot and hence not to touch it again.

The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. It is made up of nerve cells, called neurons, and supporting cells called glial cells.

The brain and spinal cord are connected to the sensory receptors and muscles through long axons which make up the peripheral nerves. The spinal cord has two main functions: it is in charge of the simple reflexes such as the knee-jerk and the rapid withdrawal of a limb from a hot object or a pinprick, and can also handle more complex reflexes, and it forms a broad passage between the body and the brain for information travelling in both directions. 

What are the benefits of using brain booster music? Does it really work?

Music is not only a great source of stress and anxiety relief, but it's also efficient in keeping your brain calm and active at the same time. I suggest that indulging in music in our daily activities can enhance our brain’s cognitive mechanism as the music’s lyrics and rhythm often help people create an automatic pattern in their working style. Due to the melody and lyrics in a song, it has the power to influence your emotions and bring the spirit of work to your regular boring activities.

Music therapy helps in enhancing your mood, memory, and sleep quality.

What is the function of sinuses in the brain?

Sinuses produce a slippery secretion known as mucous produced by the mucous glands, which helps moisturise the nose; mucus’s colour varies depending on the level of infection or sickness; mucus helps to protect the nose from various kinds of unwanted dust particles and pollution. Gradually it ends up getting swallowed by the throat. Sinuses also try to enhance the flexibility of our skull by clarifying the tone of our voice.

What Is the Best Food for the brain?

I recommend the following foods for a healthy brain:

• Almond, often considered brain food, due to its high vitamin E level, promotes brain alertness and memory.
• Fresh Berries are good for boosting memory and also help in decreasing the rate of cognitive disease.

• Green Vegetables rich in various kinds of vitamins and carbohydrates play a vital role in the brain’s wellness. 
• Turmeric with the active ingredient curcumin is good for boosting immunity, but it's also useful in increasing the brain’s efficiency by improving memory and easing depression.
• Fruits rich in vitamin C also energise the brain and help in preventing several neurological diseases.
• Dark Chocolate with Caffeine and other antioxidants helps influence the mood and slows down the chances of neurological disease that can negatively impact physical and brain health.

What is brain fever?

Brain fever is a medical condition in which the patient undergoes fever symptoms accompanied by inflammation in a certain part of the brain due to various reasons.

Here are some common conditions which are often referred to as brain fever:-

• Encephalitis is accompanied by fever, headache, and vomiting and is caused by viral infections or diseases.
• Meningitis is an acute form of inflammation and is caused due to microorganisms or bacteria and symptoms, including fever, confusional states, headaches, and vomiting.
• Cerebritis can be easily guessed by the name. It's a form of cerebrum inflammation, and the symptoms have their own level of severity starting from headache, confusion slowly leading to stroke.

Is brain transplantation possible?

The brain being the most complex organ of the body makes brain transplantation impossible. Transplanting the brain is only limited to sci-fi movies.

Control Your Brain, Control Your Life!

Hence, I will conclude by saying that though the human brain is a complex organ, many possibilities and alternatives are available to keep the brain healthy by protecting its standard mechanism. Our day to day activities can immensely influence our brain’s working and the working of our mind. So, it is up to us how we will deal with our life, as positivity will help our mindset grow and evolve into a better human being. Simultaneously, the negativity will only bring stress, depression, and bad thoughts in our mind leading to disbalance in the brain’s action.

by Dr Chandril Chugh

Why Do Elders Suffer From Alzheimer's?

As people grow older, there are several changes taking place in the body. Older people are more susceptible to diseases and disorders. This is because the body systems start to grow weak and fail to function well. There is a specific pattern of neurological diseases in the elderly. As time goes by, the body becomes weak, and its ability to fight diseases is diminished. Alzheimer’s in elderly is one such old age disorder that affects the elderly. It is a disorder where a person’s ability to retain information is lost. Alzheimer and Dementia are some of the medical terms that generally confuse. Dementia is a general term related to the decline in mental ability. In contrast, Alzheimer’s is a progressive disease where the brain cells decline rapidly. 

What neurological issues do the elderly face?

Neurological disorders are very common amongst people of old age. Ageing can lead to several neurological diseases such as Hemorrhage in the brain, Dementia, Stroke etc. 

Causes of Alzheimer’s 

While the exact reason for Alzheimer’s isn’t totally understood, some of the causes of Alzheimer’s are - 

• Age - While it’s not necessary that everyone may develop Alzheimer’s disease with ageing, the chances of it developing are still high with Alzheimer's age of onset. People over the age of 65, are at risk of Alzheimer’s and belong to the Alzheimer's age group. This is because, with ageing, the brain shrinks along with the loss of neurons. In Alzheimer’s patients, the neurons start degenerating rapidly, thus causing cognitive impairment and memory loss. 
• Genetics - If a member of your family has Alzheimer's, it is likely that you too may develop the disease. The inherited genes from family members may or may not influence the chances of getting the disease. 
• Lifestyle- Your dietary choices, your health, poor sleeping patterns, and other lifestyle choices can influence your chances of having Alzheimer’s. Binge drinking or excessive alcohol consumption can also lead to cognitive impairment. 
• Alzheimer’s Environmental factors -Apart from the above factors, environmental factors such as pollution of the air, etc can lead to Alzheimer’s disease. 

Suppose one looks at the neuropathology of Alzheimer’s disease. In that case, one comes to know that Neurofibrillary tangles and Beta-amyloid plaques are mainly responsible for the damage caused to the brain cells. They cause the shrinking of the brain and the rapid depletion of neurons in the brain, thus impeding the normal functioning of the brain. There are three types of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s being a progressive brain disease, a patient goes through the following stages - 

Stage 1- The Mild Stage

This is the first stage of the disease where one may start forgetting small things. This observation may go unnoticed as forgetfulness is a common problem among the elderly. The neurons start to degenerate, and their connection with parts of the brain responsible for memory is hindered. A person may face small difficulties such as difficulty in remembering dates, events, days, names of family members, phone numbers, forgetting to pay the bills, etc.

Stage 2- The Moderate Stage 

In the moderate stage, the intensity of the disease slightly increases. The symptoms are quite evident. One may notice changes such as difficulty in remembering events of life or close family members, forgetting words, etc. Here, the part of the brain responsible for language, senses, reasoning, and consciousness is affected. As time passes, each day becomes a challenge. One may feel detached from the world and lonely. 

Stage 3- The Severe Stage 

The third stage is where things start turning worse. The neurons start degenerating rapidly. One finds it difficult to breathe or swallow food. The patient is unable to leave the bed and is dependent on someone. 

Some symptoms of Alzheimer’s 

The symptoms of Alzheimer’s may appear slowly and hence, can be unnoticeable. The symptoms may occur as mild at first but eventually, they intensify. As time passes, Alzheimer’s disease symptoms start getting worse, and the person may get irritated with their condition. They have a hard time remembering, and thus they may develop trust issues. The brain’s neurons rapidly degenerate at the severe stage, and the person starts to lose control of their condition. Some of the symptoms are- 

• • Lack of energy or the zest to work
  • Forgetting to carry out simple tasks

• Withdrawal from social life, signs of depression 

• Trouble understanding or interpreting words, symbols, etc.
• Struggling in solving problems, remembering directions 
• Slurred speech, and trouble putting words to thoughts 
• Confusion about the time and place. Difficulty in remembering faces. 
• Wandering
• Delusions 

• A constant state of confusion and mix up of the past and present events 
• Weight Loss, seizures, etc. 
• Lost control over bladder and bowel movement (due to damaged brain cells) 
• The trouble with swallowing food
• Hallucinations 
• Extreme mood swings. 

It is said that old age is the second childhood, and hence it is important that one takes special care of the old ones. Alzheimer’s completely steals one’s lifelong memories, and dealing with it can be quite frustrating. It is important that one consults the best neurologist in Patna for quick treatment. Only with the care and support of close friends and family, one can cope up with Alzheimer’s disease. 

For further health complications and issues related to Alzheimer's Disease, you can prefer consulting a reputed neurologist through teleconsultation or online appointment for proper guidance and treatment.

Also Read: 

• Stroke It’s A Choice! Don't Call It A Disease

• Risk Factors Of A Stroke

• Caring For A Person With Epilepsy:10 Ways

by Dr Chandril Chugh